NOTE 2 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP).

 

A.	Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements

 

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As applicable to these financial statements, the most significant estimates and assumptions relate to the fair value measurement of the derivative warrants liability, stock based compensation and the going concern assumptions.

 

B.	Functional currency

 

The currency of the primary economic environment in which the operations of the Company are conducted is the U.S dollar (“$” or “dollar”). Thus, the functional currency of the Company is the dollar (which is also the reporting currency of the Company).

 

C.	Cash and cash equivalents

 

Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments which include short term bank deposits (up to three months from date of deposit), that are not restricted as to withdrawals or use that are readily convertible to cash with maturities of three months or less as of the date acquired.

 

D.	Restricted Cash

 

Restricted cash is invested in certificates of deposit, which are used to secure the Company’s line of credit

 

E.	Property, plant and equipment

 

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. When an asset is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and the net difference less any amount realized from disposition is reflected in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

 

Rate of depreciation		%
Laboratory equipment			15
Furniture and equipment			7-15
Computers			33
Vehicle			15

 

F.	Impairment of long-lived assets

 

The Company’s long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment”, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. To date the Company did not incur any impairment losses.

 

G.	Deferred income taxes

 

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”. Accordingly, deferred income taxes are determined utilizing the asset and liability method based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial accounting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities under the applicable tax law. Deferred tax balances are computed using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when these differences reverse. Valuation allowance in respect of deferred tax assets are provided for, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets is amounts more likely than not to be realized.

 

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC Topic 740-10, which prescribes detailed guidance for the financial statement recognition, measurement and disclosure of uncertain tax positions recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. According to ASC Topic 740-10, tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The Company’s accounting policy is to classify interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions under income taxes, however the Company did not recognize such items in its fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015 financial statements and did not recognize any liability with respect to an unrecognized tax position in its balance sheets.

 

H.	Liability for employee rights upon retirement

 

Israeli employees are entitled to severance pay of one month’s salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof. The Company satisfies its full obligation with respect to its Israeli employees by contributing one month of the employees’ salary for each year of service into a fund managed by a third party. Neither the obligation, nor the amounts deposited on behalf of the employees for such obligation are recorded on the Balance Sheet, as the Company is legally released from the obligation to the employees once the amounts have been deposited. All deposits required through December 31, 2017 have been made.

 

I.	Research and development expenses

 

Research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred. Grants received by the Company from the Government of Israel through the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor (the “OCS”) for the development of approved projects are recognized as a reduction of expenses against the related costs incurred.

 

J.	Royalty-bearing grants

 

Royalty-bearing grants from the OCS for funding approved research and development projects are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants (i.e. at the time that there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attached to the grant and that there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received), on the basis of the costs incurred and reduce research and development costs - see Note 9A. and Note 12. The cumulative research and development grants received by the Company from inception through December 2017 amounted to $272,237.

 

As of December 31, 2017, and 2016, the Company did not accrue for or pay any royalties to the OCS as no revenue has yet been generated.

 

K.	Basic and diluted loss per ordinary share

 

Basic loss per ordinary share is computed by dividing the loss for the period applicable to ordinary shareholders, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Securities that may participate in dividends with the ordinary shares (such as the convertible preferred shares) are considered in the computation of basic loss per share under the two-class method. However, in periods of net loss, only the convertible preferred shares are considered, since such shares have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company, in accordance with the guidance of ASC Topic 260-10.

 

In computing diluted loss per share, basic loss per share is adjusted to reflect the potential dilution that could occur upon the exercise of potential shares. Accordingly, in periods of net loss, no potential shares are considered.

 

L.	Stock-based compensation

 

The Company measures and recognizes the compensation expense for all equity-based payments to employees based on their estimated fair values in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Share-based payments including grants of stock options are recognized in the statement of comprehensive loss as an operating expense based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant. The fair value of stock options granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company has expensed compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, applying the accelerated vesting method, over the requisite service period or over the implicit service period when a performance condition affects the vesting, and it is considered probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

 

Share-based payments awarded to consultants (non-employees) are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 505-50, “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees”.

 

M.	Fair Value Measurements

 

The Company measures and discloses fair value in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), Accounting Standards Codification 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”). ASC Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework and gives guidance regarding the methods used for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions there exists a three-tier fair-value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

 

Level 1 – unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date

 

Level 2 – pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data.

 

Level 3 – pricing inputs are unobservable for the non-financial asset or liability and only used when there is little, if any, market activity for the non-financial asset or liability at the measurement date. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Level 3 inputs are considered as the lowest priority within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of the short-term liability relating to the warrants issued to the unit owners (see Note 2N and Note 8) falls under this category.

 

This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value.

 

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents is based on its demand value, which is equal to its carrying value. Additionally, the carrying value of all other short term monetary assets and liabilities are estimated to be equal to their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

 

N.	Warrants Liability

 

During 2016 and 2015, the Company issued 4,518,406 and 3,106,000 warrants, respectively, to purchase shares of the Company’s ordinary-stock in connection with a Private Placement Memorandum (“PPM”, See also Note 10.F.). The Company accounted for these warrants as a liability measured at fair value due to a provision included in the warrants agreement that provides the warrants holders with an option to require the Company to purchase their warrants for cash in an amount equal to their Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model value (the Black-Scholes Model), in the event that certain fundamental transactions (which some of them are not considered solely within the control of the Company) as defined in the warrant agreement, occur. The fair value of the warrants liability is estimated using the Black-Scholes Model which requires inputs such as the expected term of the warrants, share price volatility and risk-free interest rate. These assumptions are reviewed on a regular basis and changes in the estimated fair value of the outstanding warrants are recognized each reporting period in the “Financial Expense, net” line in operations.

 

O.	Concentrations of credit risk

 

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents as well as certain other current assets that do not amount to a significant amount. Cash and cash equivalents, which are primarily held in Dollars and New Israeli Shekels, are deposited with major banks in Israel. Management believes that such financial institutions are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these financial instruments. The Company does not have any significant off-balance-sheet concentration of credit risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements.

 

P.	Contingencies

 

The Company records accruals for loss contingencies arising from claims, litigation and other sources when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

 

Q.	Newly issued accounting pronouncements:

 

Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” and Related Updates

 

In May of 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 provides guidance for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of revenue related to the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This update was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, for which early adoption was prohibited.

 

However, in August of 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2014-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date,” deferring the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 (the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 for the Company), and permitting early adoption of this update, but only for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim reporting periods within that reporting period.

 

During 2016, the FASB issued several Accounting Standards Updates that focused on certain implementation issues of the new revenue recognition guidance including Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, Principal versus Agent Considerations and Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing.

 

An entity should apply the amendments in this Accounting Standards using one of the following two methods: 1. retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented with a possibility to elect certain practical expedients, or, 2. Retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application. If an entity elects the latter transition method, it also should provide certain additional disclosures.

 

The Company intends to adopt Accounting Standards 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018. Management has evaluated the impact of ASU 2014-09 on its potential revenue streams and on its financial reporting and disclosures, if any and determined that since the company did not report any revenues from its inception, the adoption of ASU 2014-09 is not expected to have significant impact on its financial statements.

 

Accounting Standards Update 2016 - 02 “Leases (Topic 842): Section A – Leases: Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification; Section B – Conforming Amendments Related to Leases: Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification; Section C – Background Information and Basis for Conclusions”

 

In February of 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2016 - 02, “Leases (Topic 842): Section A – Leases: Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification; Section B – Conforming Amendments Related to Leases: Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification; Section C – Background Information and Basis for Conclusions.” ASU 2016-02 amends guidance related to the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for lessors and lessees. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including the interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on the results of operations and financial statements.

 

Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”

 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASC Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 revised the criteria for the measurement, recognition, and reporting of credit losses on financial instruments to be recognized when expected. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including the interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Adoption is not expected to have a material effect on its results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

 

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09 “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”

 

In March 30, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation” (ASU 2016-09), which effects all entities that issue share-based payment awards to their employees. The amendments in this update cover such areas as the recognition of excess tax benefits and deficiencies, the classification of those excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, an accounting policy election for forfeitures, the amount an employer can withhold to cover income taxes and still qualify for equity classification and the classification of those taxes paid on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. This guidance can be applied either prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified retrospective transition method. The Company adopted the new guidance prospectively effective January 1, 2017. This new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

 

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): “Restricted Cash”

 

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): “Restricted Cash” (ASU 2016-18), which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.